Computers in Film :: Computer Generated Images Animation CGI Cinema

Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of the computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animations (Computer Animation). It is created through the use of 2D and 3D computer graphics. This technique is becoming increasingly popular in the world of the film industry. Several animated features are now being created by the use of computers. Special effects are being created by computers as well. Movie companies that are becoming famous for using computers are Pixar, Dream Works, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Square Pictures and Walt Disney. Dream Works developed the computer animated movies, â€Å"Antz†, â€Å"Shark Tale† and â€Å"Shrek† (1 and 2). Paramount Pictures created, â€Å"Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius†, Square Pictures created, â€Å"Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within†, and Walt Disney created the recent animated feature, â€Å"Dinosaur.† The most inventive and successful company is by far Pixar with their creation of â€Å"A Bug’s Life†, â€Å"Finding Nemo†, â€Å"Monster’s Inc.† and â€Å"The Incredibles.†(List of Computer-animated films) In computer animation an illusion of movement is created by an image being displayed on the computer screen which is then quickly replaced by another image that is very similar but shifted slightly. One may wonder, how do these movies create images to look like smooth moving figures? The pictures must be drawn as 24 frames per second or faster. Some movies these days are putting 70 frames a second which makes it impossible for the eye or brain to process to notice the break between objects. Computer animation requires high frame rates to reinforce the realism of the picture. There is no jerkiness seen as the higher speeds due to â€Å"persistence of vision† (Computer Animation). Humans’ eyes and brains help out with computer animation, they automatically smooth out minor breaks because they store a picture for a fraction of a second and it creates the illusion of continuous movement. After an image is sent to the screen to a back buffer, a computer can draw the image and make any changes needed before it is complete. Once the image is correct the computer tells the screen to draw from the back buffer either by copying the image from the back buffer to the primary buffer or making the back buffer the new primary buffer.

Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate Essay

Many contemporary macro-level theories of criminal behavior and empirical tudies pf crime rates address the relationship between economic factor and crime. Relationship between economic circumstances such as wage inflation and unemployment to criminal activity is the main subject matter of this study. Wage inflation and unemployment taken as predictors of crime rates. Unemployment and inflation are two intricately linked economic concept. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time and it is also erosion in the purchasing power of money. And unemployment occurs when a person is able to and willing to work but urrently without work. Unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor for who are unemployed. One causes of unemployment is inflation. Over the years there has been a number of economists trying to interpret the relationship between the concepts of inflation and unemployment. This relationship is also known as the Phillips curve. Phillips curve is an inverse relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of increase in money wages. The higher the rate of unemployment, the lower the rate of wage inflation. In other words, there is a radeoff between wage inflation and unemployment lead to a problem that individual do such a thing Just to endure it. It means that if you are unemployed you will do anything to earn and to survive for everyday living. For this, some people tend to commit crimes especially crime against property. It is a common observation of many countries that unemployment rates and all crime rates are positively associated but negatively in the wage inflation.

Inequality in the United States Among Minorities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1915 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Social Inequality in the United States among Minorities By: CLK Have you ever been treated unfair, not equal because of your race, gender, status, wealth. Every day in this world people are judged and discriminated against just for these things and sometimes for other simple reasons. So many movements have happened in the United States to try and right the wrong of unequal things against minorities. For example women’s suffrage which was the fight for the right for women to vote, they weren’t allowed to vote just based off the fact that they were woman. Another movement was the civil rights movement which if you think about it was not that long ago, it was long overdue, but the movement was not that long ago. As many know it was the fight for the equal justice and treatment of blacks in this country. Being a minority has a broad wide range it is just not black people , or anyone that is not white there are other groups of minorities such as Hispanics, or being a woman, gays and lesbians, religion groups. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inequality in the United States Among Minorities" essay for you Create order While in this course I have learned so much about many different kinds of social problems in societies around the world and in the United States, such as poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization. I chose my final essay to be on Social Inequality and the Minorities in the United States. For me this subject raises many points of our daily life and brings us to the point of reality in our world. While we think such things as racism and discrimination are minor things in our bust lives or in our changing world, but those things are still very much alive, maybe just not in the for front like they were once before but they still do exist and very much alive in out country. My paper is going to discuss how minorities are treated unfair or unequal in this country, and what I think we can do to better solve this silent growing problem here in the great United States, for I believe our country has come alone way but we have so much further to go to help and to benefit everyone here, man or woman, black or white, gay or straight. Let’s start off with what are social inequities and what is minorities. Social inequality refers to a lack of social equality, where individuals in a society do not have equal social status. Areas of potential social inequality include voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care and other social goods. Inequality is socially created by matching two different kinds of processes. The social roles in society are first matched to ‘reward packages’ of unequal value and individual members of society are then allocated to the positions so defined and rewarded† Social inequality is different from economic inequality but the two inequalities are linked. Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. While economic inequality is caused by the unequal distribution of wealth, social inequality exists because the lack of wealth in certain areas prohibits th ese people from obtaining the same housing, health care, etc. s the wealthy in societies where access to these social goods depends on wealth. Most Americans have a sense of the presence of inequality. We learn about it in many ways on a daily basis, from our observations of people, homes, cars, neighborhoods, and news accounts of the rich and famous. There is good evidence that we start to learn about inequality at a very early age and accumulate additional knowledge throughout our lives. Most Americans are aware of different forms of inequality. They know about income inequality and the patterns of discrimination against women and racial and ethnic groups. As we prosper through time, inequality is slowly less evident. A lot of people dont realize that although things are improving with time, inequality is still prominent in our society. The people that are failing to realize that there still is inequality are the fortunate ones. They rise well above the poverty line, and usually live relatively economically sound lives. They are the people who are supplied with our societys benefits. The people that are in pursuit of social change, and constantly bring attention to issues of equal rights and privileges, are often the people that do not have them. They are the ones who suffer daily from different levels of inequality. Minorities are people who are a racial, religious, political, national, or other group thought to be different from the larger group of which it is part, which can be a board spectrum of people. Minority groups are made up of people who share a common set of cultural or physical characteristics that marks them as different from the powerful dominant group and for which they often suffer social disadvantages, because of their lack of power. As in the case of race and ethnicity, minority group membership is given by society. The most common minority groups are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Women. A social inequality that is happening in the United States right now is health care among blacks. For blacks, health inequalities are the cumulative result of both past and current discrimination throughout U. S. culture. Due to discrimination and limited educational opportunities, blacks disproportionately work in low-pay, high-health-risk occupations (e. . , they are migrant farm workers, fast food workers, garment industry workers). (Vernellia). The lack of having a good job really affects the way people are cared for. Having a good job that provides good health care is the key, but like stated by Vernellia a lot of blacks don’t have good paying jobs that offer good health care, they either don’t have any or on public health care, which doesn’t cover much and what it does cover, doesn’ t grantee they proper heath care provider or health care choices. In fact, for blacks, racism is a primary factor. Even when you control for economics, blacks have poorer health. That is, middle-class blacks suffer poorer health than middle-class whites. In fact, middle-class whites live ten years longer than middle-class blacks, while poor whites live only three years longer than poor blacks. (Vernellia). Even though health care right now in the United States is becoming a big issue right now, the point is still clear that they have and have-nots are treated different. People who lack good insurance or insurance at all get the short end of the stick and get the â€Å"just to get you by† health care and health care providers, and most of these people are minorities. This is an issue that needs to be solved for many people are dying before their time just because they didn’t or don’t receive the best health care that is out there. Another big issue that has been hitting the news lately is another inequality here in the United States, and against another minority that a lot of people over look, the LBGT (Lesbian Bisexual, Gay, Transgender) community. These groups of people are normally looked over for their sexual orientation, or sexual preference. Most people over look this group because of some moral/religious views that they have about this group of people and then cast their discrimination upon them, which there for they are subject to is treated unfairly and unequal. As I did my research I came upon an article that was surprising to me, and was about the U. S military and how they deny veterans who are of the LBGT community their rightful benefits from being in the military. This was a shock to me for I know of the â€Å"Don’t ask, Don’t tell policy†, which I think is a disgrace to our country and our military, but to deny a person who put their life forward for a country and then not to receive their rightful benefits because of their sexual preference is ludicrous in my mind. For example: if a service member lives in a state where marriage (Massachusetts, California) or civil unions or domestic partnerships (New Jersey, Vermont, Washington, D. C. , etc. ) are available, they are prohibited by law from taking advantage of those legally recognized relationship statuses while still serving in the military (either on active duty or in the reserves) because of DADT. Once an LGB service member is discharged and becomes a veteran, he or she can marry, enter a civil union, or register as a domestic partner if the state so allows. However, because the Defense of Marriage Act prevents the federal government from recognizing these same sex relationships, spouses and partners of LGB veterans are denied access to death benefits, pension benefits, home loan assistance programs, medical benefits, the commissary, and any other benefits offered to heterosexual veterans. Hecht). That is just one of the unfair things that the U. S military upholds, you would think someone serving the U. S would have the same rights as their fellow heterosexual members have but they don’t. In the article they also mention the paying back of some benefits if military members were to â€Å"come out† to a commander that they will have to pay back all the funds given to them by the military and will receive a bill from the military. Like I mentioned while out country has come a long way, we still clearly have a long way to go. For this is one of the most discriminating things and error in our government, which is supposed to be for all people and not against its people. My research has proven that minority groups are still being treated unfair and unjust, and for many reasons. As we portray ourselves to be Americans and the land of the great American dream and opportunities for all. All are not granted the same things as others. Jobs, benefits, opportunities, education are all subjected to be taken away from the minority groups, which than lessen their success or goal of reaching that American dream, as they seek out to have one day. Our country us a melting pot and has always been that way from the being of time, we all learn from one another and should help one another. The founders’ of the Constitution wanted nothing more than for everyone to have the same opportunity to the joys of life and the joy of the American dream of being successful in life. While out country has come a long way we still have a ways to go, everyone is not equal, everyone is not assured to have the same benefits as other have, and it’s not right, and just like the suffrage movement, the civil right movements, and the movements that will take place in the future or that will occur in the present things have to be changed so that everyone has the same opportunity and benefits that everyone has, because as a American that is their right as a citizen of this wonderful country. References Institutional inequality denying benefits to lesbian, gay and bisexual veterans. Hecht, B Emily (2008) https://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=f5hAN=34796299site=ehost-live Inequality in healthcare is killing African Americans. Vernellia R. Randall (2000) https://search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=f5hAN=47903159site=ehost-live* .

Children of Men Film Essay - 969 Words

Children Of Men. â€Å"Children of Men† Directed by Alfonso Cuaron. Is set in the year 2027, in a chaotic world in which humans can no longer procreate, Theo Faron a former activist, agrees to help transport a miraculously pregnant woman, Named Kee, to a sanctuary located out at sea, where her child’s birth could help scientists save mankind. In the film Children of Men, there are many crucial scenes to help convey the idea of the film, however I find one of these scenes particularly important; namely the apartment scene. In this scene Theo is being driven through the streets of London to the Ark Of Arts to visit his cousin Nigel. The director uses a number of techniques to help portray the themes and ideas, such as music, setting, lighting†¦show more content†¦Written by MatthewShow MoreRelatedChildren of Men Film Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesChildren Of Men. â€Å"Children of Men† Directed by Alfonso Cuaron. 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Is a Mini Ice Age Imminent - 1349 Words

Media propaganda is abound with the announcements of a â€Å"Mini Ice Age† in our mist. We are constantly inundated with Hollywood movies depicting global destruction with an onslaught of rapid global climate changes. Is all this news media accurate and depicting true and accurate events covering our planet and solar activity? As a reader begins to look deep into the rhetoric, they will notice that there is very little – if any – scientific data to support the coming of a â€Å"Mini Ice Age† (Mann) as indicated by the multiple media corporations. As many scientists have pointed out, we are experiencing global climate change – they just have not confirmed that is a â€Å"Mini Ice Age.† Hollywood has sensationalized the end of the world with movies†¦show more content†¦During several years between approximately 1645 until 1715 – many areas within the northern climates experienced increased cold weather with streams and lakes frozen over for extended periods of time. This period of years has been labeled â€Å"The Maunder Minimum† (Hathaway) based upon the research of the astronomer Edward Walter Maunder (Edward Walter Maunder). Within his research, he noted the sun undergoes a cycle of sunspot activity and inactivity – this activity is also known as the magnetic activity. With the data that many researchers have gathers based upon Maunder – the earth is beginning to enter into another cycle of sunspot inactivity. Although we are beginning to enter the next cycle of sunspots, one major environmental concern we have now that was not a factor in the past is the CO2 emissions – known as greenhouse gases. These gases are having a direct affect to the warming of the earth (Shaw and Shaw) and although the earth is entering the next cycle of sunspots (Hathaway) – it still must contend with the increased gases and the warming effect those gases are having. 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Management Concepts Organizational Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Management Concepts for Organizational Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Corporations are devising ways, means and methods in order to gain significant competitive advantage in the market(Basoglu 2007). In order to conduct the organization, corporates forms various plans and strategies. Corporations strategies are largely made by their team of managers or upper management, who aims to establish the companys core competencies in the market in order to gain significant competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is largely now ruled by innovative tactics and methods deployed that capitalizes on market opportunities. The case study highlights several popular example companies as Uber, which does not own taxis but is currently worlds largest taxi provider(Gumusluoglu 2009). Similarly Alibaba, who has no inventories of itself but happens to be the worlds largest retailer. Airbnb is the worlds largest accommodation provider but does not own any real estate. These companies earn significant revenue by the way they have been able to recognize customer needs and connect them to their potential provider. The report deals with the case study of companies that are largely driven by innovation and opportunity as tactics. But the primary challenge is faced by managers of companies in identifying the ideal resources, organizing them and building a plan for transforming such opportunities to yield significant advantages(Hamel 2006). The above example companies highlight that competition in business today is purely led by innovative strategies and planning on unutilized resources. Thus the report discusses the challenges managers face in diagnosing such opportunities and thereby organizing and planning on them subsequently, then decision making on which opportunity to capitalize. Discussion Business have significantly transformed themselves from the traditional method that earlier gave them the competitive edge. The two most essential issues that has been highlight through the case study are; innovation is driving businesses and its competitive edge, hence managers of businesses needs to identify the opportunity areas and capitalize on them(Walker 2010). Secondly, managers in businesses need to utilize resources by organizing them, in such a way that significant advantages of scale can be reaped from it. Traditionally organizations used to engage in long term planning that involves significant utilization of efficient resources and time frame. Drawing on these plans, used to provide organizations with various policies and strategies for its various departments like human resources, financial, production, facility and marketing departments. But modern organizations often lack these extensive departmentalization concept and makes use of the qualitative and quantitative forecasting techniques in order to form a strategy. The most important part of managerial effectiveness lies in its decision making which helps in understanding which decisions to adopt and which to discard from the quantitative and qualitative analysis(Damanpour 2006). Business primary challenge has been to be creative and innovative in every aspect of organizational activity such that newer processes, techniques, methods and products can be designed. These new and innovative processes are aimed at either reducing costs or in creating a unique branding for the company, in terms of innovation. In order to attract customers, expand into newer markets and generate greater revenues companies are striving hard to develop new and innovative products and processes(Guan 2007). Innovative strategies and processes requires tremendous efforts from organizing capabilities of the company, by diverting them to the innovative process. This innovative process or product creates a unique brand identity for the company which in turn renders it competitive edge. Rapid change of technology has altered the ways companies previously used to market its products, hence greater amounts of organizational resources for marketing now goes into social media advertising(Sampson 2007). Marketing managers while planning needs to make necessary budgetary allocation accordingly and organize resources. Hence, now a major part of the budgetary expenses in planning process of organization goes into research and developmental activiti es of the company. The second challenge of businesses is organizing resources available such that maximum advantage can be reaped from it(Armbruster 2008). The planning stage in managing of organization allocates significant amount of resources to each departments of organizations, which in turn puts them into effective and efficient use. Budgetary allocation made for each department is usually referred to while allocating resources, which is again, is prepared from qualitative and quantitative research. The budgetary allocation for financial and other resources lies with the planning department, each department develops their individual budget and submits it to the central planning department for approval. Those businesses are able to utilize resources efficiently who are able to allocate them according to their needs. Resources need to be diverted to most productive activities that is able to generate maximum revenue for organization. The major focus of todays businesses is to utilize resources in ma nufacturing or producing that produces minimum impact on the environment(Melville 2010). Organizations liability has been now extended beyond their capacities to understand the effect they have on entire society and the environment. Hence, resources allocation needs to ensure minimum use of scarce natural resources, maximum amount of recycling, packaging using environmental friendly material, thus overall reducing wastes disposal to the environment in soil, water or air. Activities of business are aimed at reducing usage of scarce natural resources and to impact the environment positively. Planning and organizing departments that are actively involved in allocating of such resources needs to design strategies and set prerogatives accordingly. Managers in organizations often faces dilemma as to what quantity of resource to allocate to which department, though the analysis of data and industry position reflects valuable information regarding the same. The primary challenge is in diagn osing the requisite amount of needs for each department and then allocating them without any resistance from other departments(Tushman 2012). Management functions are highly interrelated and inter connected hence managers need to effectively balance out resources factor and have a concrete basis for such decisions. Conclusion The above intensive discussion on planning and on organization reveals that organizational manager needs to focus on planning and organizing according to modern tactics. Sustainability of organizations will be only rendered by organizational capacities to recognize resources utilization in such a way that can lead innovation and significant change in the value of goods produced. Organizations make use of its various resources while planning and organizing which is led by organizational objectives. Hence, though planning can be short-term or long-term in nature organization which involves division of labor for various objectives needs to be innovative in nature. In order to inculcate innovation management has to take decision regarding which to take and follow. When a company adopts innovation as it process in todays world, it is not only able to compete with the technological companies that lead the markets today but also develop sustainability for the business. Recommendations Businesses needs to instill a spirit of innovation and innovative techniques in order to compete in the new business scenario. The following recommendations will help businesses cope with the modern day challenges of businesses and establish as a leader in the market; Every and each processes within organization need to orient towards innovative processes in planning, organizing, control, leading, decision making and so on. As all departments and functions within a particular organization are interconnected hence greater focus should be on innovative drive. Management needs to accommodate innovate processes and encourage all members of organization to contribute towards the process. Due to rapid changes in technology managers and other stakeholders of the organization needs to be updated every time. The business needs adapt to these technological changes, hence processes needs to be innovative in nature. Organizations and its members are traditionally adversaries to the idea of change but current market scenario requires companies to change quickly to the rapid changing circumstances. Organizations need to effectively utilize its transformational leaders in order to sail through several change processes. Businesses need to be dynamic in nature such that they are able to adapt to any changes that are taking place in the industry environment. Dynamism of businesses helps create their sustainable advantages. Rapid invention of technology coupled with environmental norms have forced organization to change and design processes to the new environment. A business that is able to transform according to process is able to establish competitive advantage in the market. Most importantly business leaders need to be visionaries such that they are able to forecast changes and make alterations accordingly. Great and leading businesses are made due to their leaders, hence it is the most important parameter in organizations. References Armbruster, H., Bikfalvi, A., Kinkel, S. and Lay, G., 2008. Organizational innovation: The challenge of measuring non-technical innovation in large-scale surveys.Technovation,28(10), pp.644-657. Basoglu, N., Daim, T. and Kerimoglu, O., 2007. Organizational adoption of enterprise resource planning systems: A conceptual framework.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,18(1), pp.73-97. Damanpour, F. and Schneider, M., 2006. Phases of the adoption of innovation in organizations: Effects of environment, organization and top Managers1.British journal of Management,17(3), pp.215-236. Guan, J. and Liu, J., 2007. Integrated innovation between technology and organization.International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management,4(04), pp.415-432. Gumusluoglu, L. and Ilsev, A., 2009. Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation.Journal of business research,62(4), pp.461-473. Hamel, G., 2006. The why, what, and how of management innovation.Harvard business review,84(2), p.72. Melville, N.P., 2010. Information systems innovation for environmental sustainability.Mis Quarterly,34(1), pp.1-21. Sampson, R.C., 2007. RD alliances and firm performance: The impact of technological diversity and alliance organization on innovation.Academy of Management Journal,50(2), pp.364-386. Tushman, M., Lakhani, K. and Lifshitz-Assaf, H., 2012. Open innovation and organization design.Journal of Organization Design,1(1). Walker, R.M., Damanpour, F. and Devece, C.A., 2010. Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, p.muq043.

Motivational Interviewing

Introduction As a treatment intervention, motivational interviewing hinges on humanistic psychology principles. The treatment is directive, client-centers, and endeavors to enhance motivation for change via ambivalence resolution, in addition to enhancing the patient’s perceived self-efficacy (Burke, Arkowitz Menchola, 2003, p. 846).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay endeavors to compare the motivational interviewing principles with the group therapy approach and the family and marital therapy as applicable in patients seeking treatment for substance abuse. The essay shall also endeavor to determine the most effective approach out of the three discussed in treating chemical dependency. Motivational interviewing principles As a counseling style, motivational interviewing endeavors to establish a verbal context that would allow patients who are chemically dependent to overcome their ambivalence regarding behavioral change. This is in addition to guiding the patient on the necessary steps to take so that the patients can assume a healthier and valued lifestyle (Washton Zweben, 2008, p. 80). Motivational interviewing hinges on the premise that a clinician-patient interaction results in resistance to change and motivation, meaning that resistance to change and motivation is not a characteristic of the patient. Therefore, in motivational interviewing, emphasis is placed on the best way that treatment providers can ensure that they increase commitment to change and reduce ambivalence within the setting of a clinical interaction. In motivational interviewing sessions, use is made of open-ended questions. This is important so that the patients can be encouraged to discuss their current circumstances (for example, the patient could be asked by the clinician, ‘what brings you in today’). The clinician also attempt s to make use of summary statements and reflections in order to enable the patient build up their empathy (Miller, Rollnick Conforti, 2002). In addition, the clinicians also tend to facilitate ‘in-session’ change talk. The skills employed in motivational interviewing are structured in such a way that the individual in question ends up playing a collaborative role in the entire treatment process. As such, the patient has the autonomy to decide on the direction that the treatment regimen should take.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Owing to the evocative nature of the treatment interaction, this means that the patient is in a better position to make positive changes in his/her behavior. â€Å"Resistance† as evidenced in motivational interviewing is regarded as more of a misalliance in the ensuing client-counselor relationship, as opposed to an inherent addiction sy mptom (Burke et al, 2003, p. 847). Moreover, client ambivalence is admittedly seen as more of a natural part of the expected change process. The counselor uses various non-confrontational methods in order to decrease client ‘resistance’. In addition, the counselor is careful not to directly confront statements of resistance from a client and instead, choose to accept them. Motivational interviewing enables the counselor to â€Å"meet the client where they are at†. During the first session, not many patients would be willing to talk about the issue of substance abuse that they are faced with. In motivational interviewing however, the counselor endeavors to help the patient reflect on the various interests that they have in life. For instance, a patient of substance abuse could be willing to have her 11 year old daughter to regularly attend school and yet she cannot realize that she has a problem with substance abuse. In such a case, the counselor tries to assist t he patient work on their parenting issues. This acts as a starting point for the counselor to delve deep into the issues of substance abuse. Motivational interviewing has successfully found use in the treatment of outpatient and inpatient patients who have been abusing drugs. Group Therapy Approaches Group therapy approach has gained popularity as the most common mode of treatment for individuals seeking a remedy for their drug abuse behaviors. According to proponents of the group therapy approaches, this mode of treatment has been found to have far more benefits in comparison with individual therapy. For example, in group therapy approaches, a single professional is in a position to interact with a number of patients at the same time (Doweiko, 2009, p. 337). In addition, members of a group therapy are better placed to learn from the individual experiences of their colleagues on the issue of substance abuse. As such, the provisional of feedback among the members is also possible.Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, individual members of the group therapy approach are in a position to provide their fellow patients with behavioral models. This is especially important for the clients who are yet to cultivate trust with their therapist. In group therapy, the clients find that rare opportunity to enhance the various interpersonal deficits that they could be faced with. In addition, the nature of the therapy group is such that clients are in a position to confront the problems facing them because they can now be able to trace their root causes. Substance abusers who also suffer from personality disorders would also benefit from group therapy especially if such a therapy makes use of cognitive-behavioral approaches as a way of diagnosing and assisting the clients to handle painful affective states capable of enhancing the clientâ₠¬â„¢s urge to abuse drugs. However, women confronted with problems of substance abuse are somehow intimidated by a group therapy setting, perhaps due to shame-based issues (Doweiko, 2009, p. 337). Besides, elderly clients may also not feel comfortable with the complex and interactive patterns that the group therapy setting provides. Under these circumstances therefore, the clients could respond more favorably to a client-therapist interactive session, as provided for by motivational interviewing. Family and marital therapy This form of therapy has proved useful in drug/alcohol rehabilitation programs. As such, the therapy is now seen as an integral component of substance abuse treatment, except under special circumstances (Doweiko, 2009, p. 337). Although there are various types of family therapy, nonetheless, the most common and widely used from is the family disease approach. According to this approach, substance abuse is regarded as an illness of the entire family, as opposed to a problem of the individuals faced with a drug problem only. The family disease approach framework enables the family members and the therapist to work together with the sole intention of identifying the crucial role played by the substance abuse within the family setting.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, such a working relationship also makes it possible to correct possible dysfunction al patterns of interaction (for example, communication problems). In a case whereby one partner is embroiled in substance abuse problems, such a marriage is often characterized by unhealthy patterns of communication. This only acts to enhance the partner’s addiction problem. As such, family and marriage therapy approaches that emphasize more on the need for communications skills training are highly effective in helping the patient to shun their substance abuse behavior, as opposed to other rehabilitative programs that stresses more on an individual. Conclusion Out of the three chemical dependence treatments examined by the research paper, motivational interviewing is the most effective. This is because in motivational interviewing techniques, the client takes control of the therapy process because of the collaborative nature of the therapy. Accordingly, the patient has the autonomy to decide on the direction that they would want the therapy to take. In addition, the counselor assists the patient to address some of the secondary issues that though not directly related to substance abuse, may end up hindering the actual therapy. Reference List Burke, B. L., Arkowitz, H., Menchola, M. (2003). The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol,  71(5), 843-861. Doweiko, H. E. (2009). Concepts of chemical dependency. Boston, Mass: Cengage Learning. Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S., Conforti, K. (2002). Motivational Interviewing: Preparing  People for Change. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Washton, A. M., Zweben, J. E. (2008). Treating alcohol and drug problems in psychotherapy practice: doing what works. New York: Guilford Press. 2008 This essay on Motivational Interviewing was written and submitted by user Annika Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.